نشریه جغرافیا و توسعه ناحیه ای
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 9، پاییز و زمستان 1386)

The writers of this research have studied seven variables including: precipitation, relative humidity, sunny hours, temperature average, temperature minimum, temperature maximum and sea level pressure, at Sanandaj Air Station during 1964-1994. Sanandaj Air Station has nearly 10966 days of complete data for these variables. A principal component analysis (PCA) has been applied on this data; then five principal components have been selected that explain more than 1% variances. A cluster analysis has been applied on this matrix (10966*5) and five synoptic types have been obtained. Synoptic types one and five, showed a large amount of within group variance. So a PCA was applied to the members of these two types and three synoptic subtypes have been obtained for synoptic type one and five synoptic subtypes for synoptic type five.

This paper presents a model of a catchment area in northwest of Iran. The researchers have studied Ajichai basin which is located in the east part of Orumiyeh Lake, located at the longitude of 47 52’ E to 45 32’ E and the latitude of 37 26’ N to 38 30’ N. The researchers have chosen the data from Tabriz Upper Air station which is the only one in the area. The research data are seven instability indices including: SI, K, V.T, C.T, T.T, SW and LI taken from the above mentioned station and seventy one floods reported from 1966 to 2004 in the Ajichai catchment area. In this research, the above mentioned indices are compared with the standards of air instability. The results show contradiction between the observed and predicted values (i.e. for Si in six days, K in one day, V.T in two days, C.T in fifteen days, T.T in three days, LI in forty eight days and SW in thirty five days). The results also show that the following values can be used for the Ajichai basin instability indices.SI= =14.3 C.T>=11.5V.T>=24.7 T.T>=41.8 SW>=11.65

models of living in cities needs planning for land use. Those who have planned for the cities have studied land use to present a model for the construction of cities. Change of land use, is the main concern today. The factors which affect the change in land use can be divided into three main groups: legal factors, economical factors and population. Out of these three factors, population has been the most important one and the other two factors have been under its influence. Population has actually created many problems for the cities. Population factor has also affected the city of Babol during the last two decades so that the city has had the greatest physical growth than the other cities in the province. This article presents a complete study the features that have affected the change in land use in the city of Babol.

The writers of this article have compared the satisfaction level of international tourists who traveled to Isfahan for the first time and those who have repeatedly traveled to this city. One hundred and sixty tourists were selected randomly in 2002 and the data gathered through filling questionnaires. The result is surprising and indicates that the satisfaction level for those who have repeatedly traveled to Isfahan is lower than those who traveled to this city for the first time. The researchers have finally concluded that with the implication of “Expectancy disconfirmation Theory” the result was not unexpected.

It is very important to recognize the areas with high potential risk of landslide in order to resist that. In a case study, thirty three landslides have been observed in Safarood watershed. The purpose of this study is to recognize factors and zonation of potential areas for landslide. This paper covers specific factors including lithology, fault, height, slope, direction, rainfall, soil, vegetation and villages of the area. GIS is used to prepare and integrate thematic layers, combine them by weight model and finally to prepare a map of landslide hazard. AHP statistic method is used for weighting the criteria. The criterion for weighting the existing elements in each layer has been based on the most important role played in the layer and in landslide. After combining various layers in GIS medium, the map of landslide hazard zonation is obtained in four zonation with every high hazard, high hazard, medium and low hazard. It has been determined that approximately 31% of the surface of the area is encountered very high and high hazard landslides. 94% of the cases observed in landslide, based on the mentioned zonation and the model, are in the zonation of very high and high hazards that show the high accuracy of this method.

The earth is a stable feature but it is diminished due to different factors including: the extension and development of cities, emerging of villages and rural areas with the physical texture of cities, the spreading of industrial units and population growth, changing the patterns of land use and lack of good management. This paper is concerned with the global and national perspective of these problems owing to the rapid physical extension of the cities and their impacts on human environment. The comparison of population growth in different countries together with their occupational spaces shows that the space is taken parallel with the population growth; but in some cases such as Bangkok, Sao Paolo, Tehran and Tabriz the magnitude of population growth is much higher than land occupation. This paper shows that the closeness of environmental planning and design purposes, can lead to the preservation of agricultural lands. Among these planning and management goals, we find regulating land use patterns, suitable criteria for land dividing and most importantly, increasing social knowledge of having only one earth.

Minimum profitability of production factors is one of the most important economic features in the rural areas of Iran. Profitability of production factors such as land, water, capital etc. is in its lowest level in the rural areas of the country. Rural economy is dependent to the agricultural economy up to a great extent. The most important factors in keeping profitability of production factors in its lowest level can be divided into two groups of internal and external factors. These factors do not let capital and money to enter in the rural areas and play a very significant role in not providing the necessary infrastructures in these areas. Lack of facilities and the necessary infrastructures cause lack of growth in the rural areas. This article studies the most important reasons for minimum profitability of production factors in rural areas.